![]() ![]() ![]() The 5th percentile of the frequency distribution of application rates generating a 10% risk of an adverse outcome in each risk model is also shown as guidance concerning the relative sensitivity of each risk endpoint. Lower risk pesticides to health and environment requiring single-layer PPEīacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliaeĪzadirachta indica, Bacillus thuringiensis serovar aizawai, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, methoxyfenozide, Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SfNPV), pyrethrum Lufenuron, novaluron, spinetoram, spinosad, teflubenzuron, triflumuron Lower risk pesticides to health requiring single-layer PPE, but high environmental risk High-risk pesticides to health and environment requiring double-layer PPE and either eye or respiratory protection, or bothīifenthrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, indoxacarb High-risk pesticides to health and environment requiring maximum PPE with engineering and behavioural mitigationsĪbamectin, benfuracarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenitrothion, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, thiocarbĪcephate, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, fenvalerate Good-to-excellent efficacy (80–100% control)įipronil, methamidophos, monocrotophos, phorateĬarbofuran, carbosulfan (obsolete substance), dichlorvos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, trichlorphon Poor-to-fair efficacy (<70% to <80% control) Table 1 Pesticides in current use in Africa against fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) The resultant pesticide lists progressed through several stages of peer-review and have been effective in practice, reducing use of the most hazardous pesticides, guiding selection of lower risk pesticides, and mitigating risks to humans and wildlife in more than 50 countries. A partnership between Oregon State University, the Sustainable Agriculture Network, and the Rainforest Alliance made initial progress towards this goal, through identification of highly hazardous and high-risk pesticides from a list of more than 650 active ingredients. In The Lancet in 2002, Eddleston and colleagues called for a minimum (lower risk) pesticides list that could meet pest management needs with lower risk chemicals that have reduced potential for adverse effects. This shortfall leads to regulation becoming disconnected from the marketplace and results in smallholder farmers, who do not have access to basic pesticide education, purchasing and using hazardous chemicals at high risk to themselves, their families, and the ecological services on which farming depends. Regulation of pesticides can limit adverse effects but, particularly in less-developed nations, this process is sometimes poorly supported and implemented. These conclusions are based on evidence from a large body of peer-reviewed published work that documents acute and chronic occupational and non-occupational health effects, widespread self-harm, and global biodiversity decline for which pesticides are among the key drivers. Pesticides pose a substantial threat to human health, biodiversity, and ecological services and have been cited as being among the most serious threats to health and the environment by the Rockefeller Foundation– Lancet Commission on Planetary Health, the UN Human Rights Council, and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. ![]() With this approach, we aimed to distil a group of compounds not meeting any of our risk criteria, a lower risk group of pesticides comprising a candidate minimum pesticides list (ie, a group of pesticides that might meet most IPM needs while limiting risks to human and environmental health). We also filtered out pesticides that are toxic to aquatic life, terrestrial wildlife, and pollinators and compounds that magnify through food chains or deplete atmospheric ozone. We further aimed in our analysis to identify a lower risk group of pesticides by progressively filtering out compounds that are acutely toxic via dermal and inhalation exposure, pesticides that are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and pesticides that require substantial levels of both training and personal protection to mitigate human health risks. We aimed to comprehensively analyse pesticide risks and produce a guide structured to enable decision making and serving to reduce negative effects on human health and the environment. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific.The Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia.The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. ![]()
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